POR QUE NÃO LIDAMOS COM A REALIDADE DIRETAMENTE, MAS COM UMA RECONSTRUÇÃO MENTAL DELA?
Resumen
Nosso contato com a realidade é “mediado”, pelos sentidos e pelo cérebro, como substratos fisiológicos, e pela mente como instância autoral interpretativa. Não temos contato direto com a realidade: para darmos conta dela, primeiro precisamos de um processo de mediação sensorial e cerebral, interpretativo, reconstrutivo. Esta é uma questão epistemológica árdua, em geral não resolvida, que reaparece na física quântica como interferência do observador na mensuração dos fenômenos subatômicos. Fóton é partícula quando observado; quando não, é onda, sugerindo uma característica da matéria muito surpreendente, por parecer imaterial, dependendo do observador... Na discussão, por vezes acalorada e até mal-educada, aparece uma pletora de termos: construcionismo social; construcionismo como teoria da aprendizagem; construtivismo epistemológico etc. Em grande medida, esta querela divide cientistas exatos e naturais e acadêmicos das ciências sociais e humanidades, tendendo os primeiros a posicionamentos positivistas tradicionais e de produção acadêmica altamente prolífera e respeitável, enquanto os segundos buscam desvelar que, sendo ciência um empreendimento humano, leva a marca humana, cuja validade precisa ser escrutinada não só formalmente.
Citas
ALAN SOKAL. 2019. Professor Emeritus of Physics, N.Y.U. and Professor of Mathematics, U. College of London. Texts related with Sokal Hoax or Sokal Affair – https://physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/index.html
ARRIGHI, G. 2012. O longo século XX. Contraponto.
AUSTIN, J.L. 1962. How to do things with words. Clarendon Press.
BANNISTER, D. & MAIR, J.M. 1968. The evaluation of personal constructs. Academic Press, London.
BERGER, P.I. & LUCKMANN, t. 1967. The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Anchor, Harlow.
BLOOR, D. 1983. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A social theory of knowledge. Columbia U. Press.
BUCCIARELLI, L.L. 1994. Designing engineers. MIT Press.
BURR, V. 1995. An introduction to social constructionism. Routledge, London.
CHEVASSUS-AU-LOUIS, N. & ELLIOTT, N. 2019. Fraud in the Lab: The high stakes of scientific Research. Harvard U. Press.
COULDRY, N. & HEPP, A. 2016. The mediated construction of reality. Polity, London.
DEMO, P. 2009. Não vemos as coisas como são, mas como somos – https://docs.google.com/document/d/16VNEHTV40ZfAYJ5P883HDI93LLwtsrNQW2NlWN_E19c/pub
DEMO, P. 2015. Aprender como Autor. Gen, São Paulo.
DEMO, P. 2016. Politicidade da matemática – https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yNscG9fM6B6FS5R1raWsF1f_dnI8lzNhUjjBuD2g-tI/pub
DEMO, P. 2018. Atividades de Aprendizagem – Sair da mania do ensino para comprometer-se com a aprendizagem do estudante. SED/Gov. MS, Campo Grande – https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FKskDCxNB422PVhrjrDjD48S4cjsb77-/view
DUPRÉ, J. 1999. Review of Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? The Journal of Philosophy 97(12):673-676.
ELDER-VASS, D. 2012. The reality of social construction. Cambridge U. Press.
FAIRHURST, G.T. & GRANT, D. 2010. The Social Construction of Leadership: A Sailing Guide. Management Communication Quarterly 24(2):171-210.
FERGUSON, N. 2018. The square and the tower – Networks and power, from the freemasons to Facebook. Penguin, N.Y.
FLECK, L. 1979. Genesis and development of a scientific fact. Ed. T.J. Trenn & R.K. Merton. U. of Chicago Press.
FOUCAULT, M. 1971. A Arqueologia do Saber. Vozes, Petrópolis.
FRANCSIS, D. & KAUFER, D. 2011.Beyond Nature vs Nurture. The Scientist, Oct. 1.
GERRISH, S. & SCOTT, K. 2018. How smart machines think. The MIT Press.
GROSS, P. & LEVITT, N. 1994. Higher superstition: The academic left and its quarrels with science. The Johns Hopkins U. Press.
HACKING, I. 1999. The social construction of what? Harvard U. Press.
HARARI, Y.N. 2015. Sapiens: A brief history of humankind. Harper, London.
HARARI, Y.N. 2017. Homo Deus – A brief history of tomorrow. Harper, London.
HARRÉ, R. & GILLETT, D. 1994. The discursive mind. Sage, London.
HARRÉ, R. 2002. Public sources of the personal mind: Social constructionism in context. Theory & Psychology 12(5):611–623.
HARRIS, J.R. 1998. The Nurture Assumption – Why children turn out the way they do. Simon & Schuster, New York.
HOBSBAWN, E. 1995. Era dos extremos: o breve século XX – 1914-1991. Companhia das Letras.
HOFFMAN, D. 2020. Vemos a realidade como ela é? TED – Ideas Worth spreading – https://www.ted.com/talks/donald_hoffman_do_we_see_reality_as_it_is?language=pt-br
JONAS, H. 1984. The imperative of responsibility: In search of an ethics for the technological age. U. of Chicago Press.
KAHN ACADEMY. 2020. Social constructionism. Society and Culture. YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U2XAJNazik
KAUFFMAN. S.A. 2019. A world beyond physics: The emergence and evolution of life. Oxford U. Press.
KELLY, G. 1955. The Psychology of personal constructs. Norton, N.Y.
KNORR-CETINA, K. 1981. The manufacture of knowledge: An essay on the constructivist and contextual nature of science. Pergamon Press, Cambridge.
KONNIKOVA, M. 2012. Humanities aren’t science. Stop treating them like one. Literally Psyched – https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/humanities-arent-a-science-stop-treating-them-like-one/
KUHN, T. 1962. The structure of scientific revolutions. U. of Chicago Press.
KURZWEIL, R. & BISSON, T. 2013. How to create a mind: The secret of human thought revealed. Duckworth Overlook, N.Y.
LATOUR, B. & WOOLGAR, S. 1979. Laboratory Life: The construction of scientific facts. Sage, Beverly Hills.
LATOUR, B. 1987. Science in Action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Harvard U. Press.
LATOUR, B. 2005. Reassembling the Social – An introduction to actor-network theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
LATOUR, B. 2013. An Inquiry into Modes of Existence – An anthropology of the moderns. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
LEEDS-HURWITZ, W. 2009. Social construction of reality. In Littlejohn, S.W. & Foss, K.A. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of communication theory. Thousand Oaks, California.
LIND, M. 2015. Let’s abolish social science – A proposal for the new university. Blog, 08/25 - https://www.thesmartset.com/lets-abolish-social-science/
MAIR, J.M. 1977. The Community of Self. In Bannister, D. (Ed.). New Perspectives in personal construct theory. Academic Press, London, p. 125-149.
MEANS, A.J. 2018. Learning to save the future: Rethinking education and work in an era of digital capitalism. Routledge, London.
MITCHAM, C. & RYDER, M. 2005. Social Constructionism. Encyclopedia.com - https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/social-constructionism
NEIMEYER, R.A. & LEVITT, H. 2000. What's narrative got to do with it? Construction and coherence in accounts of loss. In H.H. Harvey & E.D. Miller (Eds.). Loss and trauma. Bruner Mazel, Philadelphia, p. 401-412.
NOWAK, M. (with Highfield, R.) 2011. SuperCooperators: Altruism, evolution, and why we need each other to succeed. Free Press, N.Y.
PALINCSAR, A.S. 1998. Social constructivist perspectives on teaching and learning. Annual Review of Psychology 49:345–375.
PICKERING, A. 1999. Constructing Quarks: A sociological history of particle physics. U. of Chicago Press.
PINCH, T. J. 1996. The Social Construction of Technology: a Review. In R. Fox (Ed.), Technological Change; Methods and Themes in the History of Technology. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, p. 17-35.
PINKER, S. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. Penguin, New York.
POPKIN, G. 2018. Einstein’s ‘spooky action at a distance’ spotted in objects almost big enough to see. AAAS – Science – https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/einstein-s-spooky-action-distance-spotted-objects-almost-big-enough-see
PROCTER, H.G. 2015. Family Construct Psychology. In Walrond-Skinner, S. (Ed.). Developments in family therapy: Theories and applications since 1948. Routledge, London, p. 350-367.
RIDLY, M. 2004. The Agile Gene: How Nature Turns on Nurture. Harper, N.Y.
RIZZUTO, A-M. 2008. The talking cure and the analyst’s intentions. Psychoanalytic Review 95(5). Oct.:729-49.
SCHNEIDER, S. 2019. Artificial You: AI and the future of your mind. Princeton U. Press.
SEARLE, J. 1995. The construction of social reality. Free Press.
SHOTTER, J. & LANNAMANN, J. 2002. The situation of social constructionism: Its imprisonment within the ritual of theory-criticism-and-debate. Theory and Psychology 12(5):577-609.
SINN, Mr. 2020. Theoretical Perspectives: Social constructionism. YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UrDIfdTRpo
SLINGERLAND, E. 2008. What Science offers the humanities? Cambridge U. Press.
SOKAL, A. & BRICMONT, J. 1999. Imposturas Intelectuais – O abuso da ciência pelos filósofos pós-modernos. Record, São Paulo.
SOKAL, A. & BRICMONT, J. 1999a. Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science. Picador, N.Y.
SOKAL, A. 1996. Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity. Social Text (Spring/Summer):217-252.
SOKAL, A.D. 1996a. A physicist experiments with cultural studies. Lingua Franca, Mai/June.
STAM, H.J. 2001. Introduction: Social constructionism and its critiques. Theory & Psychology 11(3):291–296.
STOJNOV, D. & BUTT, T. 2002. The relational basis of personal construct psychology. In Neimeyer, R.A. & Neimeyer, G.J. (Eds.). Advances of personal construct theory: New directions and perspectives. Praeger Publishing, p. 81-113.
TEGMARK, M. 2017. Life 3.0: Being human in the age of artificial intelligence. Knopf. N.Y.
TIBALDO, J. 2013. Discourse Theory. Technology (SlideShare) - https://www.slideshare.net/janettie/discourse-theory
UNGER, R.M. & SMOLIN, L 2014. The singular universe and the reality of time: A proposal in natural philosophy. Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge.
VAIDHYANATHAN, S. 2018. Antisocial Media: How Facebook disconnects us and undermines democracy. Oxford U. Press, Cambridge.
VON GLASERSFELD, E. 1995. Radical Constructivism: A Way of Knowing and Learning. Routledge.
WEINBERG, S. 1996. Sokal’s Hoax. New York Review of Books. Aug.:11-15.
WESEL, M. v. 2006. Why we do not always get what we want; The power imbalance in the Social Shaping of Technology. Master Thesis, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht.
WINNER, L. 1986. Upon opening the black box and finding it empty: Social constructivism and the philosophy of technology. Science, Technology, and Human Values 18:362-378.
WOODRUFF SMITH, D. 2018. Phenomenology. In: Zalta, E. N. (Ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford U.
WU, T. 2016. The attention merchants: The epic scramble to get inside our heads. Knopf, London.
YONCK, R. 2017. Heart of the Machine: Our future in a world of artificial emotional intelligence. Arcade Publishing, N.Y.
ZUBOFF, S. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Profile Books, N.Y.
ZUCKERMAN, E. 2013. Digital Cosmopolitans: Why we think the internet connects us, why it doesn’t, and how to rewire. Amazon, N.Y.
ARRIGHI, G. 2012. O longo século XX. Contraponto.
AUSTIN, J.L. 1962. How to do things with words. Clarendon Press.
BANNISTER, D. & MAIR, J.M. 1968. The evaluation of personal constructs. Academic Press, London.
BERGER, P.I. & LUCKMANN, t. 1967. The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Anchor, Harlow.
BLOOR, D. 1983. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A social theory of knowledge. Columbia U. Press.
BUCCIARELLI, L.L. 1994. Designing engineers. MIT Press.
BURR, V. 1995. An introduction to social constructionism. Routledge, London.
CHEVASSUS-AU-LOUIS, N. & ELLIOTT, N. 2019. Fraud in the Lab: The high stakes of scientific Research. Harvard U. Press.
COULDRY, N. & HEPP, A. 2016. The mediated construction of reality. Polity, London.
DEMO, P. 2009. Não vemos as coisas como são, mas como somos – https://docs.google.com/document/d/16VNEHTV40ZfAYJ5P883HDI93LLwtsrNQW2NlWN_E19c/pub
DEMO, P. 2015. Aprender como Autor. Gen, São Paulo.
DEMO, P. 2016. Politicidade da matemática – https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yNscG9fM6B6FS5R1raWsF1f_dnI8lzNhUjjBuD2g-tI/pub
DEMO, P. 2018. Atividades de Aprendizagem – Sair da mania do ensino para comprometer-se com a aprendizagem do estudante. SED/Gov. MS, Campo Grande – https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FKskDCxNB422PVhrjrDjD48S4cjsb77-/view
DUPRÉ, J. 1999. Review of Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? The Journal of Philosophy 97(12):673-676.
ELDER-VASS, D. 2012. The reality of social construction. Cambridge U. Press.
FAIRHURST, G.T. & GRANT, D. 2010. The Social Construction of Leadership: A Sailing Guide. Management Communication Quarterly 24(2):171-210.
FERGUSON, N. 2018. The square and the tower – Networks and power, from the freemasons to Facebook. Penguin, N.Y.
FLECK, L. 1979. Genesis and development of a scientific fact. Ed. T.J. Trenn & R.K. Merton. U. of Chicago Press.
FOUCAULT, M. 1971. A Arqueologia do Saber. Vozes, Petrópolis.
FRANCSIS, D. & KAUFER, D. 2011.Beyond Nature vs Nurture. The Scientist, Oct. 1.
GERRISH, S. & SCOTT, K. 2018. How smart machines think. The MIT Press.
GROSS, P. & LEVITT, N. 1994. Higher superstition: The academic left and its quarrels with science. The Johns Hopkins U. Press.
HACKING, I. 1999. The social construction of what? Harvard U. Press.
HARARI, Y.N. 2015. Sapiens: A brief history of humankind. Harper, London.
HARARI, Y.N. 2017. Homo Deus – A brief history of tomorrow. Harper, London.
HARRÉ, R. & GILLETT, D. 1994. The discursive mind. Sage, London.
HARRÉ, R. 2002. Public sources of the personal mind: Social constructionism in context. Theory & Psychology 12(5):611–623.
HARRIS, J.R. 1998. The Nurture Assumption – Why children turn out the way they do. Simon & Schuster, New York.
HOBSBAWN, E. 1995. Era dos extremos: o breve século XX – 1914-1991. Companhia das Letras.
HOFFMAN, D. 2020. Vemos a realidade como ela é? TED – Ideas Worth spreading – https://www.ted.com/talks/donald_hoffman_do_we_see_reality_as_it_is?language=pt-br
JONAS, H. 1984. The imperative of responsibility: In search of an ethics for the technological age. U. of Chicago Press.
KAHN ACADEMY. 2020. Social constructionism. Society and Culture. YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U2XAJNazik
KAUFFMAN. S.A. 2019. A world beyond physics: The emergence and evolution of life. Oxford U. Press.
KELLY, G. 1955. The Psychology of personal constructs. Norton, N.Y.
KNORR-CETINA, K. 1981. The manufacture of knowledge: An essay on the constructivist and contextual nature of science. Pergamon Press, Cambridge.
KONNIKOVA, M. 2012. Humanities aren’t science. Stop treating them like one. Literally Psyched – https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/humanities-arent-a-science-stop-treating-them-like-one/
KUHN, T. 1962. The structure of scientific revolutions. U. of Chicago Press.
KURZWEIL, R. & BISSON, T. 2013. How to create a mind: The secret of human thought revealed. Duckworth Overlook, N.Y.
LATOUR, B. & WOOLGAR, S. 1979. Laboratory Life: The construction of scientific facts. Sage, Beverly Hills.
LATOUR, B. 1987. Science in Action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Harvard U. Press.
LATOUR, B. 2005. Reassembling the Social – An introduction to actor-network theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
LATOUR, B. 2013. An Inquiry into Modes of Existence – An anthropology of the moderns. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
LEEDS-HURWITZ, W. 2009. Social construction of reality. In Littlejohn, S.W. & Foss, K.A. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of communication theory. Thousand Oaks, California.
LIND, M. 2015. Let’s abolish social science – A proposal for the new university. Blog, 08/25 - https://www.thesmartset.com/lets-abolish-social-science/
MAIR, J.M. 1977. The Community of Self. In Bannister, D. (Ed.). New Perspectives in personal construct theory. Academic Press, London, p. 125-149.
MEANS, A.J. 2018. Learning to save the future: Rethinking education and work in an era of digital capitalism. Routledge, London.
MITCHAM, C. & RYDER, M. 2005. Social Constructionism. Encyclopedia.com - https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/social-constructionism
NEIMEYER, R.A. & LEVITT, H. 2000. What's narrative got to do with it? Construction and coherence in accounts of loss. In H.H. Harvey & E.D. Miller (Eds.). Loss and trauma. Bruner Mazel, Philadelphia, p. 401-412.
NOWAK, M. (with Highfield, R.) 2011. SuperCooperators: Altruism, evolution, and why we need each other to succeed. Free Press, N.Y.
PALINCSAR, A.S. 1998. Social constructivist perspectives on teaching and learning. Annual Review of Psychology 49:345–375.
PICKERING, A. 1999. Constructing Quarks: A sociological history of particle physics. U. of Chicago Press.
PINCH, T. J. 1996. The Social Construction of Technology: a Review. In R. Fox (Ed.), Technological Change; Methods and Themes in the History of Technology. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, p. 17-35.
PINKER, S. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. Penguin, New York.
POPKIN, G. 2018. Einstein’s ‘spooky action at a distance’ spotted in objects almost big enough to see. AAAS – Science – https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/einstein-s-spooky-action-distance-spotted-objects-almost-big-enough-see
PROCTER, H.G. 2015. Family Construct Psychology. In Walrond-Skinner, S. (Ed.). Developments in family therapy: Theories and applications since 1948. Routledge, London, p. 350-367.
RIDLY, M. 2004. The Agile Gene: How Nature Turns on Nurture. Harper, N.Y.
RIZZUTO, A-M. 2008. The talking cure and the analyst’s intentions. Psychoanalytic Review 95(5). Oct.:729-49.
SCHNEIDER, S. 2019. Artificial You: AI and the future of your mind. Princeton U. Press.
SEARLE, J. 1995. The construction of social reality. Free Press.
SHOTTER, J. & LANNAMANN, J. 2002. The situation of social constructionism: Its imprisonment within the ritual of theory-criticism-and-debate. Theory and Psychology 12(5):577-609.
SINN, Mr. 2020. Theoretical Perspectives: Social constructionism. YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UrDIfdTRpo
SLINGERLAND, E. 2008. What Science offers the humanities? Cambridge U. Press.
SOKAL, A. & BRICMONT, J. 1999. Imposturas Intelectuais – O abuso da ciência pelos filósofos pós-modernos. Record, São Paulo.
SOKAL, A. & BRICMONT, J. 1999a. Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science. Picador, N.Y.
SOKAL, A. 1996. Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity. Social Text (Spring/Summer):217-252.
SOKAL, A.D. 1996a. A physicist experiments with cultural studies. Lingua Franca, Mai/June.
STAM, H.J. 2001. Introduction: Social constructionism and its critiques. Theory & Psychology 11(3):291–296.
STOJNOV, D. & BUTT, T. 2002. The relational basis of personal construct psychology. In Neimeyer, R.A. & Neimeyer, G.J. (Eds.). Advances of personal construct theory: New directions and perspectives. Praeger Publishing, p. 81-113.
TEGMARK, M. 2017. Life 3.0: Being human in the age of artificial intelligence. Knopf. N.Y.
TIBALDO, J. 2013. Discourse Theory. Technology (SlideShare) - https://www.slideshare.net/janettie/discourse-theory
UNGER, R.M. & SMOLIN, L 2014. The singular universe and the reality of time: A proposal in natural philosophy. Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge.
VAIDHYANATHAN, S. 2018. Antisocial Media: How Facebook disconnects us and undermines democracy. Oxford U. Press, Cambridge.
VON GLASERSFELD, E. 1995. Radical Constructivism: A Way of Knowing and Learning. Routledge.
WEINBERG, S. 1996. Sokal’s Hoax. New York Review of Books. Aug.:11-15.
WESEL, M. v. 2006. Why we do not always get what we want; The power imbalance in the Social Shaping of Technology. Master Thesis, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht.
WINNER, L. 1986. Upon opening the black box and finding it empty: Social constructivism and the philosophy of technology. Science, Technology, and Human Values 18:362-378.
WOODRUFF SMITH, D. 2018. Phenomenology. In: Zalta, E. N. (Ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford U.
WU, T. 2016. The attention merchants: The epic scramble to get inside our heads. Knopf, London.
YONCK, R. 2017. Heart of the Machine: Our future in a world of artificial emotional intelligence. Arcade Publishing, N.Y.
ZUBOFF, S. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Profile Books, N.Y.
ZUCKERMAN, E. 2013. Digital Cosmopolitans: Why we think the internet connects us, why it doesn’t, and how to rewire. Amazon, N.Y.
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2020-05-22
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