AUTOCONHECIMENTO: A VIA PARA A SAÚDE MENTAL
Palavras-chave:
Autoconhecimento. Espiritualidade. Saúde Mental. Carácter. Psicologia Positiva.
Resumo
A humanidade vivencia uma crise em Saúde mental. Além da escalada da prevalência mundial de Depressão e dos Transtornos Ansiosos, segundo os últimos dados divulgados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde – OMS (2017), um surto de Coronavírus, iniciado na China, em dezembro de 2019, rapidamente tomou proporções epidêmicas, acarretando a morte de milhares de pessoas e um quadro de estresse psicológico peculiar a períodos trans e pós-pandêmicos. Nesse contexto, a discussão sobre os meios de prevenção precoce da doença mental adquire extrema relevância. Esse artigo objetiva discutir as variáveis relacionadas no desenvolvimento da Saúde mental, apontando evidências científicas que alinham os termos Autoconhecimento, Espiritualidade, Carácter, Ética e Felicidade. Tem como fundamentação teórica: Koenig (2012), Cloninger (1993), Moreira-Almeida, Koenig e Luchetti (2014); Peterson e Seligman (2004); Kobau, Seligman, Peterson, Diener, Zack, Chapman e Thompson (2011); Vaillent (2002), entre outros. Espera-se contribuir para a elaboração das estratégias de prevenção à doença mental.
Referências
Referências
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston
Ardelt, M., Gerlach, K., & Vaillant, G. (2017). Early and midlife predictors of wisdom and subjective well-being in old age. Innovation in Aging, 1(suppl_1), 1059–1059. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.3872
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
Barton, Y. A., & Miller, L. (2015). Spirituality and positive psychology go hand in hand: An investigation of multiple empirically derived profiles and related protective benefits. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(3), 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0045-2
Blase, K. L., & van Waning, A. (2019). Heart rate variability, cortisol and attention focus during shamatha quiescence meditation. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 44(4), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-019-09448-w
Cloninger, C. Robert. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(6), 573. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014
Cloninger, C. Robert. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(12), 975. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008
Cloninger, C. Robert. (2004). Feeling good: The science of well-being. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
Cloninger C. R. (2006). The science of well-being: an integrated approach to mental health and its disorders. World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 5(2), 71–76.
Cloninger, C R. (2007). Spirituality and the science of feeling good: Southern Medical Journal, 100(7), 740–743. https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318070d177
Cloninger, C. R. (2013). The importance of ternary awareness for overcoming the inadequacies of contemporary psychiatry. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 40(3), 110–113. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832013000300006
Cramer, H. (2015). The efficacy and safety of yoga in managing hypertension. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 124(02), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1565062
Damiano, R. F., Costa, L. A., Viana, M. T. S. A., Moreira-Almeida, A., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2016). Brazilian scientific articles on Spirituality, Religion and Health; Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 43(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000073
Dorjee, D. (2014). Mind, brain and the path to happiness: A guide to Buddhist mind training and the neuroscience of meditation. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Garcia D., Lester N., Cloninger K.M., Robert Cloninger C. (2017) Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). In: Zeigler-Hill V., Shackelford T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_91-1
Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Davidson, R. J., Wampold, B. E., Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011
Gonçalves, J. P. B., Lucchetti, G., Menezes, P. R., & Vallada, H. (2015). Religious and spiritual interventions in mental health care: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Psychological Medicine, 45(14), 2937–2949. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001166
Kobau, R., Seligman, M. E. P., Peterson, C., Diener, E., Zack, M. M., Chapman, D., & Thompson, W. (2011). Mental health promotion in public health: Perspectives and strategies from positive psychology. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8), e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300083
Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
Lins, L.F. (2019). Espiritualidade e consciência desperta. Consciências, 6, 105-112. Recuperado de https://bdigital.ufp.pt/bitstream/10284/7723/1/Cons-ciências_06-9.pdf
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
Moreira-Almeida, A., Koenig, H. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2014). Clinical implications of spirituality to mental health: Review of evidence and practical guidelines. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 36(2), 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1255
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, S088915912030845X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
Pascoe, M. & Crewther, S. (2016). A Systematic Review of Randomised Control Trials Examining the Effects of Mindfulness on Stress and Anxious Symptomatology. Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296367758
Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., Jenkins, Z. M., & Ski, C. F. (2017). Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 95, 156–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004
Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., & Ski, C. F. (2017). Yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86, 152–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.008
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC : New York: American Psychological Association ; Oxford University Press. Recuperado de http://ldysinger.stjohnsem.edu/@books1/Peterson_Character_Strengths/character-strengths-and-virtues.pdf
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Ren, Y., Zhou, Y., Qian, W., Li, Z., Liu, Z., Wang, R., Qi, L., Yang, J., Song, X., Zeng, L., & Zhang, X. (2020). Letter to the Editor “A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China”. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 132–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.004
Sadock, B.J.; Sadock, V.A.; Ruiz, P. (2017). Compêndio de psiquiatria: Ciência do comportamento e psiquiatria clínica (11ª ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2019). Positive psychology: A personal history. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095653
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1161–1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x
Vaillant, G. E. (2002). Aging well: Guideposts to a happier life. New York; London: Warner.
Vaillant, G. E. (2013). Psychiatry, religion, positive emotions and spirituality. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(6), 590–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.08.073
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston
Ardelt, M., Gerlach, K., & Vaillant, G. (2017). Early and midlife predictors of wisdom and subjective well-being in old age. Innovation in Aging, 1(suppl_1), 1059–1059. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.3872
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
Barton, Y. A., & Miller, L. (2015). Spirituality and positive psychology go hand in hand: An investigation of multiple empirically derived profiles and related protective benefits. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(3), 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0045-2
Blase, K. L., & van Waning, A. (2019). Heart rate variability, cortisol and attention focus during shamatha quiescence meditation. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 44(4), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-019-09448-w
Cloninger, C. Robert. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(6), 573. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014
Cloninger, C. Robert. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(12), 975. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008
Cloninger, C. Robert. (2004). Feeling good: The science of well-being. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
Cloninger C. R. (2006). The science of well-being: an integrated approach to mental health and its disorders. World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 5(2), 71–76.
Cloninger, C R. (2007). Spirituality and the science of feeling good: Southern Medical Journal, 100(7), 740–743. https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318070d177
Cloninger, C. R. (2013). The importance of ternary awareness for overcoming the inadequacies of contemporary psychiatry. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 40(3), 110–113. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832013000300006
Cramer, H. (2015). The efficacy and safety of yoga in managing hypertension. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 124(02), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1565062
Damiano, R. F., Costa, L. A., Viana, M. T. S. A., Moreira-Almeida, A., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2016). Brazilian scientific articles on Spirituality, Religion and Health; Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 43(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000073
Dorjee, D. (2014). Mind, brain and the path to happiness: A guide to Buddhist mind training and the neuroscience of meditation. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Garcia D., Lester N., Cloninger K.M., Robert Cloninger C. (2017) Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). In: Zeigler-Hill V., Shackelford T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_91-1
Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Davidson, R. J., Wampold, B. E., Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011
Gonçalves, J. P. B., Lucchetti, G., Menezes, P. R., & Vallada, H. (2015). Religious and spiritual interventions in mental health care: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Psychological Medicine, 45(14), 2937–2949. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001166
Kobau, R., Seligman, M. E. P., Peterson, C., Diener, E., Zack, M. M., Chapman, D., & Thompson, W. (2011). Mental health promotion in public health: Perspectives and strategies from positive psychology. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8), e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300083
Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
Lins, L.F. (2019). Espiritualidade e consciência desperta. Consciências, 6, 105-112. Recuperado de https://bdigital.ufp.pt/bitstream/10284/7723/1/Cons-ciências_06-9.pdf
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
Moreira-Almeida, A., Koenig, H. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2014). Clinical implications of spirituality to mental health: Review of evidence and practical guidelines. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 36(2), 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1255
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, S088915912030845X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
Pascoe, M. & Crewther, S. (2016). A Systematic Review of Randomised Control Trials Examining the Effects of Mindfulness on Stress and Anxious Symptomatology. Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296367758
Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., Jenkins, Z. M., & Ski, C. F. (2017). Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 95, 156–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004
Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., & Ski, C. F. (2017). Yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86, 152–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.008
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC : New York: American Psychological Association ; Oxford University Press. Recuperado de http://ldysinger.stjohnsem.edu/@books1/Peterson_Character_Strengths/character-strengths-and-virtues.pdf
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Ren, Y., Zhou, Y., Qian, W., Li, Z., Liu, Z., Wang, R., Qi, L., Yang, J., Song, X., Zeng, L., & Zhang, X. (2020). Letter to the Editor “A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China”. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 132–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.004
Sadock, B.J.; Sadock, V.A.; Ruiz, P. (2017). Compêndio de psiquiatria: Ciência do comportamento e psiquiatria clínica (11ª ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2019). Positive psychology: A personal history. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095653
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1161–1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x
Vaillant, G. E. (2002). Aging well: Guideposts to a happier life. New York; London: Warner.
Vaillant, G. E. (2013). Psychiatry, religion, positive emotions and spirituality. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(6), 590–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.08.073
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2025-05-05
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